General Mills Warm Delights Essay

1. Warm Delights is in the single-serve cake treat category. 2. (a) The target market is on the go women who want a small dessert treat. (b) A point of difference would be that it is convenient due to that it comes in its own bowl. (c) A potential opportunity would be that Warm Delights is positioned as a snack instead of as a dessert. A hindrance could be that while marketing it as a snack versus a dessert, it may have more competition. Also by marketing it to women, you may be losing other potential customers like children and teenagers. 3. (a) Vivian Callaway did some market research on naming the product. She was trying to decide if naming it Warm Delights or Dessert Bowls would be more appealing to customers. (b) â€Å"What does she want?† was one critical question she sought answers for. (c) Targeting on the go women had marketing advantages like a $2.00 price tag, the products message of â€Å"warm, convenient, delightful†, and that on-the-go women’s meal plans include the occasional delicious treat. 4. (a) Callaway’s initial plan was to pay for displays that would catch the consumer’s attention because there is usually not a lot of consumer traffic in the dessert aisle. (b) The displays made sense to Callaway because it was vital to get new people down the dessert aisle that wouldn’t normally visit that aisle. 5. I would try to make the product more appealing to the younger consumer. Maybe changing the packaging to a more kid-friendly view. I would also create and add more flavors. And one more thing would be to market to college students and their college stores and cafeterias.

‘Blessing’ with ‘Island Man’ Essay

Compare ‘Blessing’ with ‘Island Man’ showing how the poets use description to convey the thoughts and feelings of the characters in the poems. ‘Blessing’ and ‘Island Man’ are two very different poems. The theme of ‘Blessing’ revolves around people in a third-world country, who get very little water given to them. A blessing in their eyes occurs when a pipe bursts. ‘Island Man’, however, is about a man from the Caribbean who is now in London, but dreams he was still living in his homeland, even though he wakes up back in London. While the poem’s themes are dissimilar, the poems are both very descriptive, and the poets use description to help us empathise further with their characters. The structure of the poem ‘Blessing’ is quite irregular. The first stanza is a mere two lines: it sets the scene. The next two stanzas increase in length before becoming smaller again at the last stanza. This helps us to picture how, in the beginning, there are only a few drops of water available however when the pipe bursts in the third stanza, the verse size increases along with how much water there is. Also, in the third stanza, commas are omitted in the line ‘every man woman child’ to show the urgency of everyone in the village, who seize this opportunity to grab water. Imtiaz Dharker does use commas however when describing the different materials that the pots are made of. This makes it seem as if, even though Dharker only describes five vessels, there are a multitude of pots and buckets being used. Throughout the third stanza, the lines are free-flowing, and run into each other like the water which is being described. ‘Island Man’s structure is also a fairly irregular one. Lines such as ‘groggily groggily’ and ‘to surge of wheels’ are placed away from the main poem; this gives a sense of confusion, like the man who has just woken up and is still not quite sure where he is. To add to this effect, the lengths of lines in each stanza vary and this gives a muddled or sleepy feel to the poem. The last line ‘Another London day’ is on its own to show that the man has finally come out of the dream, and he is jolted back into reality. Another short line appears at very beginning of the poem. The one-word, staccato sentence shows how the island man has suddenly woken up. ‘Blessing’ uses very descriptive language to convey how the characters are feeling or thinking. Throughout the poem, there are subtle references to church or religion. Using words such as ‘congregation’ or ‘a kindly god’ make the reader feel as if the water is a gift from God. This is amplified by the fact that the poem is called ‘Blessing’, which is a spiritual word and often associated with God and religion. There are more implications that the water is a gift from God, such as when the poem says ‘the flow has found’. This shows that the water finds the people, instead of it being vice versa – it sounds miraculous, because the people didn’t choose for all this water to come at once but it was greatly longed for. Dharker also conveys how important the water is to them by describing it as ‘silver’ instead of just water, and ‘sudden rush of fortune’ to show that in their country, water is extremely rare and never taken for granted. Words with negative connotations for us such as ‘screaming’ and ‘roar’ are turned around in this poem and used to a positive effect. In the last stanza, the phrase ‘flashing light’ could show how water is such a light to these people’s lives and a novelty to them, on the other hand it could also show that the flow of water is slowing down now, and it is only in spurts or flashes but still looks like light. ‘Island Man’ also contains very powerful language. In the first stanza alone there are many interesting word choices. The word ‘wombing’ conveys how comforting and secure the Caribbean seems to the man. It is linked to him feeling safer at his place of birth rather than a bustling city like London. Colour is used several times in the first stanza as well: ‘blue’ for surf, ’emerald’ for the island vegetation and ‘grey’ for the traffic of London. This gives a very strong image in the reader’s mind. ‘Wild seabirds’ is a very natural image which gives a strong contrast with other descriptions such as ‘dull North Circular’ – it shows how artificial London is in comparison to the Caribbean. Some ambiguous words have been chosen too, such as ‘soar’ and ‘roar’. These are ambiguous because they could easily apply to the Caribbean sea, or the London traffic. Various poetic techniques are put to good use in ‘Blessing’. The first one that becomes apparent is the use of end stopped lines. These keep the sentence to the point and fairly literal, which is important when they are used to set the scene, as seen in the first stanza of ‘Blessing’. Imagery is frequently used too, such as ‘liquid sun’ and this adds to the feeling of heat in the poem, helping us to realise how important the water is to the characters. Onomatopoeia is used in the line ‘drip of it, the small splash’ and this is used to give a clearer picture of what is happening in the poem. Another technique used is alliteration. One example of this is the phrase ‘polished to perfection’ which helps the reader to picture the scene. Also, ambiguity features in ‘Blessing’ in the phrases ‘highlights’. While we would tend to think that highlights refers to your hair, in this country the children ar e not as superficial as we are. The highlights probably refers to their skin being changed colour by the reflecting sun and water. This inconclusive word gives a sense of mystery to the last stanza, and it makes it seem like a cliff-hanger ending. ‘Island Man’ shares some of ‘Blessing’s poetic techniques such as the use of metaphors, in ‘pillow waves’. This shows how island man’s dreams of sea comfort him in his sleep. Virtually no punctuation is used in ‘Island Man’ to show how relaxed the personality of the man is, however a capital letter is used to mark a turning point in the poem. It is used in ‘Comes back to sands’ to show that now, the island man is back in London physically and mentally. Grace Nichols relies on sound to make an effective contrast: she makes a clear difference between the breaking of the surf and the roar of the traffic. In conclusion, while these two poems are basically about two very different things, they share many descriptive techniques. I definitely enjoyed both of the poems, but ‘Island Man’ is the one I prefer. I find it quite easy to relate to because I’ve had many dreams I haven’t wanted to wake up from, and even though I live in a city, the huge amounts of traffic is sometimes daunting to me, as it is to the island man. I found ‘Blessing’ harder to relate to, as a lack of water isn’t something we generally experience in this country. However, the poem makes you want to not take things for granted which I think is a moving sentiment.

Problem 1

20-1. The campus pizzeria sells a single pizza for $12. If you order a second pizza, however, the pizzeria charges a price of only $5 for the additional pizza. Explain how an understanding of marginal utility helps to explain the pizzeria’s pricing strategy. 20-1-A. The pricing method that the pizzeria is using shows they understand how marginal utility works, specifically diminishing marginal utility. After hitting the level of satisfaction from the first pizza, a second pizza will not be quite as rewarding. Getting an additional pizza at a price of only $5 dollars will entice a customer to purchase it because of the lower price.Because the significance of the second pizza is less than the first, a costumer would spend less on it. 20-2. As an individual consumes more units of an item, the person eventually experiences diminishing marginal utility. This means that to increase marginal utility, the person must consume less of an item. Explain the logic of this behavior using th e example in Problem 20-1. 20-2-A. As a consumer eats their first few slices of pizza, the level of satisfaction will eventually hit a maximum where they have thoroughly enjoyed it. After hitting the level of satisfaction, every piece of pizza after that will diminish the pleasure.Therefor, eating less pizza allows the consumer the greatest enjoyment because no pleasure is being added after eating to the point of satisfaction. 20-3. Where possible, complete the missing cells in the table. 20-3-A. 20-4. From the data in Problem 20-3, if the price of a cheeseburger is $2, the price of a bag of French fries is $1, and you have $6 to spend (and you spend all of it), what is the utility-maximizing combination of cheeseburgers and french fries? 20-4-A. The utility-maximizing combination is two cheeseburgers and two orders of french fries. 20-9.Consider the movements that take place from one point to the next (A to B to C and so on) along the total utility curve below as the individual suc cessively increases consumption by one more unit, and answer the questions that follow. a. Which one-unit increase in consumption from one point to the next along the total utility curve generates the highest marginal utility? From point A to point B there is a total utility increase of 5 units, meaning the marginal utility is 5 units as well. Therefor, point A to point B generates the highest marginal utility. b.Which one-unit increase in consumption from one point to the next along the total utility curve generates zero marginal utility? Point E to point F generates no marginal utility, meaning the marginal utility is zero. c. Which one-unit increase in consumption from one point to the next along the total utility curve generates negative marginal utility? Point F to point G decreases total utility from 11 to 10 units meaning marginal utility is negative. 20-10. Draw a marginal utility curve corresponding to the total utility curve depicted in Problem 20-9. 20-12.Refer to the fol lowing table for a different consumer, and assume that each week this consumer buys only hot dogs and tickets to baseball games. The price of a hot dog is $2, and the price of a baseball game is $60. If the consumer’s income is $128 per week, what quantity of each item will he purchase each week at a consumer optimum? 20-12-A. The consumer will purchase 2 baseball game tickets and 4 hot dogs each week at a consumer optimum. Equal marginal utilities per dollar occur at the consumption level of 2 baseball game tickets and 4 hot dogs, with the total income equaling $128. The marginal utility per dollar spent equals 5.

Global Enterprise and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Enterprise and Innovation - Essay Example â€Å"Innovation has been the basis of the great performance of the Jack Daniel’s trademark, this was inclusive of the commencement and universal crush of Jack Daniel’s Tennessee Honey,† the company said. Even though the invention by and large is up to the authoritarian criteria for classification as a, straight bourbon the corporation disavows this categorization and markets it basically as Tennessee whiskey rather than as Tennessee bourbon. Packaged in distinguishing square bottles, a total of 11 million cases of the flagship "Black Label" product were sold in the corporation’s financial year ending April 30, 2013 Tennessee Honey has been seen to be incredibly popular in Brown-Forman’s next and subsequent major markets; this markets include Australia (contributing 13% of total sales) and the UK (9%), and similarly to Poland and South Africa. Brown-Forman said that Tennessee Honey, in connection with other innovations, lead to the rise of the company’s net sales by 25% in the financial year. In the meantime, the group’s portfolio of best and finest American whiskeys, are inclusive of: Woodford Reserve and Jack Daniel’s Gentleman Jack raised the sales by 20% for the duration of the year. Innovation from Jack Daniel’s portfolio played a crucial role increasing the sales by 12% expansion rate in Brown-Forman’s comprehensive voyage vend industry, motivated by the flourished Jack Daniel’s Sinatra Select. Brown-Forman viewed that the â€Å"outstanding† presentation of the Woodford Reserve product, which growth increased by 28% in course of the year, gives a bright insight of international expectations for the super-premium whiskey. The business attained concrete price hike, which assisted them expand the margin. Due to sustained international attention in North American, whiskey and constructive trends, the company remains watchfully confident that Brown-Forman’s strong and unprejudiced natural growth will carry

Concentrating Solar Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Concentrating Solar Power - Essay Example The Supercritical CO2 Brayton cycle is being investigated on how it produces its energy. The cycle is ideal because it is easy to be transported from one location to another and it can also be effective in reducing costs because it uses very technical turbo machineries. Its ability to achieve efficiency is brought by the manner in which the supercritical CO2 behaves when it is near critical points. The high power density that the supercritical CO2 manages to achieve is the composition of the fluid that it has in the turbo machinery is of high density too, an approximate of 60% the water density at the inlet of the compressor (Ma & Turchi, 2011). Investigations for the supercritical CO2 cycle is being done Sandia and its contractor, Baarber Nicholas Inc. because of the cycle has a high efficiency in temperatures between 400 C and 750 C. the investigation is being done in phases of a development program in the DOE Office of Nuclear Energy and Sandia National Labs. The main objective of the investigation is to realize the technology impact s of the Supercritical CO2 cycle. The first phase which is also called the first loop of the investigation is a compression loop that will be done using motor to run the radial Supercritical CO2 compressor. The objective of this phase of the investigation will be: The type of technology that will be required to bear the weight, technology for sealing, bear gas-foil and how to counter the rotor wind age losses which are required for the cycle to be able to reach its effectiveness and how it reduces the costs which are its main aims. The second phase of the investigation called the second loop that has been designed is a megawatt heater-class closed Superscript CO2 Brayton cycle. This process is called the ‘re-compression’. In this phase the cycle will show how it will be used in sources of

Ethics Report + Sustainability Report Assignment

Ethics Report + Sustainability Report - Assignment Example In addition, there are no clear and explicit policies regarding RFID usage. This raises ethical concerns about people’s privacy. In this regard, by implementing the RFID system, the following ethical concerns should be considered by the company. Stakeholders The four main stakeholders in the case are the operations manager, employees of the organization, customers or clients, IS policy makers. The operations manager will be affected in case ethical issues arise as he is in charge of the implementation of the RFID system. He will have to make the decision, based on the analysis, whether the system should be implemented or not. Employees will be affected as their movement will be restricted because they will be monitored by the system. Clients or customers will be affected as their information will be collected without their knowledge. Lastly, IS policy makers will have to develop policies that strike a balance between ethical dilemma. Analysis Based on PAPA Framework The four p rinciples of Mansion, Property, Access, Privacy, and Accuracy overlap with the use of RIFD. Property involves the owner of information and how it should be distributed or sold to other entities. Unlike traditional times where information in hard forms and their hard nature made them easy to own, the advancement in technology has made information to be in soft form, which has brought a lot of challenges regarding ownership. Organizations use the RFID and collect a lot of information of employees without their knowledge and use the information for their own benefits. In this regard, some organizations sell the information they gather from employees or even customers to third party organizations (Balkovich, Bikson & Bitko 2005). For example, it is likely that many retail traders sell customers personal information regarding their behavior of buying. This will make third party organizations to practice targeted and direct marketing. The information gathered by RFID will enable the organ izations to know the frequency of shopping of a customer, the store he or she shops, the products she likes, and many other attributes that encourage direct and targeted marketing (Huber, Houck & Vinogradov n.d.). Collecting and using customers’ personal information is unethical. The information is considered her property and she should be informed when it is collected and how it is used. According to Mason framework (1986), Access involves the kind of information that can be collected from a person and how it can be used and accessed. Organizations use RFID to collect personal information from clients. While employees can be told the kind of information collected by RIFD systems, they are not always allowed to access, inspect, and correct such information. This is unethical as it is the right of employees and clients to access their personal information collected by RFID, inspect, and correct them. However, it is normally not practical to allow employees or clients to access systems and correct such information even if the information collected about them is wrong. Privacy involves protection from private intrusion. Employees and clients have the right to privacy where they can do their things at will in a manner they like without interference from third party. Organizations use RFID tags to monitor and observe the movement of employees in the building or work

Comparative Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Comparative Law - Essay Example Some scholars have furthered the realism and common sense approach to comparative law by arguing that laws can be effectively studied separately from the surrounding concerns and environment. Such formalized and deconceptualized approaches are evident from the fact that law comparists and comparative law scholars have hardly been engaging the other academic disciplines which in one way or the other influence the application and the understanding of law in different contexts (Balakrishnan, 2003). The aim of this treatise is to explore and examine how western approaches like realism and the common sense approach to various business values and ethics have influenced legal studies in comparative law. The paper will look into how attention has shifted in the preoccupation of comparative law and the written law codes to a social and culture based approach of understanding the legal matters. Pluralism is a phenomena whose impact is clearly evident in the field and application of competitive law. Antoine (2000) defines legal pluralism to be a theory that is used by social scientists whose basic idea is that several legal systems can coexist and intermingle in a single legal entity. The historical origin of this influence can be traced back to the middle ages, which faced the problems of the conflicts between the church laws and the sate laws. Anleu (2005) notes that a second historical evidence can be found in the imposition of various western laws in the indigenous laws of the countries that were ruled and influenced by western powers. In the more recent context, the phenomena has been seen as a result of globalization leading to the emergence of the global legal pluralism. The effect of legal pluralism in cooperative law has been witnessed in the legal families and the definition of legal systems. Authors and scholars who subscribed to legal pluralism define law in a very broad context. Their definition encompasses

Exercise research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exercise research - Essay Example Please provide answers to the following three (3) questions. The results of your investigations may be, summarised in a table like the one below. A word count of between 300 and 400 words for each answer is required. Please do not exceed the word count, as this will not gain any additional marks. Each answer must include references to each article you have used to answer each question: Please use the Library Portal to find three (3) sources of information that clarifies this claim. Summarise the nature and extent of the problem based on the information you used from your selected articles. There is no doubt that the frequency of computer related fraud and crime had grown in the past few years. One of the rampant and challenging problems is digital piracy of entertainment material and software applications. Craig Kuhl, in his New York Times article, points out the prospects and problems facing the digital media industry in light of threat from piracy and copyright infringement: â€Å"The stakes are high: Worldwide online video revenue is expected to exceed $4.5 billion by 2012, up from $1.2 billion in 2008. And by 2012, according to In-Stat, 90% of U.S. households will have access to broadband, with 94% watching online video. An IMS Research study estimates that by 2013, 255 million TV households worldwide will be watching HDTV and the number of unique HD titles increased by 161% over the first six months of this year, and the number of on-demand orders jumped to 3 billion in 2007. Meanwhile, the Motion Picture Association of America puts annual losses to film piracy at a whopping $18 billion†. (Craig Kuhl, 2008, p.22) Surely, 18 billion dollars is a significant loss to an industry that is also vulnerable to several other risk factors. Other threats to computer systems worldwide come in the form of viruses, worms and Trojan horses. The issue of financial and information losses from these

LANGUAGE, POWER & IDENTITY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

LANGUAGE, POWER & IDENTITY - Essay Example Variants of such are all observed and spoken having only minor linguistic, social and ideological differences. However, countries having English as their first language, owe to protect and preserve it from foreign influences, displaying minor differences at large. Since the dominancy of English with the British World dominance in the 19th Century, the English Language not only progressed but became the language of International Business, Diplomacy and Science. Being the official Language of United Nations and International Olympics Committee, English seems to be the common medium of communication between countries, owing to its effectiveness as a global language. It is estimated to be spoken by 750 million people around the world as their first language. However, the public debate about the English Language’s notion of standards has come into view since the 1980’s. The concern had resulted in the devising of a National Curriculum for English. But the drive for national individuality and integrity has failed to achieve the target as arthrography of every language is dependent on its context, pronunciation and structure. Standard English Standard English is notoriously hard to define. The concept and notion of Standard English lacks reference and base. Standard English is associated with authority, discipline and traditional, moral and social order.   It is a form of a dialect, with no local base of reference as to where it is originally originated from (AGER, MUSKENS and WRIGHT, 1993). Historically, English emerged from the combination of Celtic Language of the Britain inhabitants, which was mixed with the language of the emigrating Angles, Saxons and the Jutes. Hence, it is often taken as the different combinations of the linguistic features. In correct or more conceptual sense, it is taken as a written per formative. Orthography, grammar and vocabulary are chiefly what matter, or they in fact can be the definition of Standard English as differe nt countries where English is chiefly used like U.S, U.K, New Zealand, Canada etc. all strive towards maintaining their international identity and so the variations in Standard English occur region wise in terms of pronunciation and context but the written grammar, vocabulary and orthography remains similar. Variations in Standard English’s notion The attitude towards Standard English and its identity is different to all. It differs on the ideological, social and linguistic differences or mindsets. The philosophy and anthropology of every language is based on its use, which in turn is influenced by the history, culture and traditions of the people using the language. Cultural and ideological mind frame influence lifestyle and so the dialect of the people living in a region or a community. Even in a country, national language spoken in different provinces is spoken in different pronunciations as regard to the cultural influence on the language. Similar is the case with Standar d English- there is no standard pronunciation. It is the identity badge of a social group and must be handled properly and with all due respect (FAIRCLOUGH, 2001) A local unit comprising of members of common locality and primary interaction develop Speech community, contributing to the social effects of a society on a language. Thus, English is the mosaic of small speech communities as there exists Texas Speech community for there are London and Bostonians, Harvard speech community fo

In-House Versus Outsourcing Approaches Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

In-House Versus Outsourcing Approaches - Essay Example However, Kamarazaly (2007, p.4) argues that decisions on choosing between outsourcing and in-house should not be based solely on financial evaluation.Comparison of In-House and Outsourcing Approaches Nxt is involved in the business of delivering parcels and it consists of two companies with NXT Services specializing in non-secure items while Nxt Secure deals with secure items. Moreover, the organization sub-contracts other courier companies to deliver 75 percent of all items at a fixed charge. Upon delivery, courier companies have to give feedback to Nxt which in turn scans the feedback to the customer to confirm the delivery. Presently, the company is facing several hurdles in its operations which can be rectified innovation and implementation of modern information technology systems. Nxt currently relies on externally sourced PostCode Address File, hand signed documents upon delivery of items and the driver's information to know the exact place that they are. This has led to variou s problems such as delayed delivery of items, drivers diverting from the route thereby increasing the operational cost and the hand signatures delay the confirmation of delivery. As noted by Zizakovic (2004, p.1), there comes a time when the present process cannot continue for long and the available system starts to show some weakness signals the time for making a decision to build a new system, consequently, the organization has to decide whether to build it in-house or outsource. Nxt has come to this point; the organization has a project support office that can lead the way in building a new system or they can source from a third party. Nxt wants to implement a GPS system that will monitor and relay back information on the exact position of the vehicle in real time. The telemetry system allows the sharing of information and will relay to the hub data on stoppage of the vehicles, detect any problems in the route and thereby facilitate the making of decisions and also improve the se curity of the driver when traveling alone. Moreover, the company is also contemplating investing in PDAs which will help customers to electronically sign on receipt of items thereby dealing with the problem of delayed signatures which are used to monitor performance. PDAs if adopted will also help in identifying new markets and save time used in the delivery. Despite the great potential that implementation of these technologies will have in streamlining the operations of Nxt; the organizations face financial constraints and the fact that it has never been involved in the implementation of such a huge project.

Subculture Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Subculture - Personal Statement Example I suppose that shocking way of dressing typical for those people who go against the system trying to prove independence and personal freedom. I do not life to waste time and efforts on shopping. Attitude to learning and friendship reflects my subculture: I am a hardworking, persistent and diligent student. I like parties which is a part of my subculture. Regardless of the style and social backgrounds, parties' culture represents freedom from rules, structures, controls and lifestyles. I can define this subculture in terms of inner self and 'people like me'. I like pop music including Latino singers and jazz. These music trends reflect youth priorities on a day-to-day basis. They become an example for background and ethics, morals and way of behavior for millions of people. This subculture affects all aspects of culture in a positive and negative way: how people dress, what music they listen to, and what they choose for entertainment. Another interesting part of my subculture is eating. I am a fast food eater. Eating is one of the most essential processes in our life which supplies our body with energy and mineral elements. Food determines different ways of living and personal culture of every person. I suppose that eating habits are more important than a trendy style or music you listen to. For most Americans, the good life means good food.

Cells Biological Essay Example for Free

Cells Biological Essay I) Observation of starch grains 1. A potato was cut by using a cork barrier to obtain a piece of it. 2. The small piece of potato was placed on the centre of the glass slide and enough pressure was applied with fingers to squeeze it until small amount of juice was force out. The piece of potato was discarded leaving the juice behind on the glass microscope slide. 3. A drop of water was added to the potato juice and the glass slide was then covered with a clean cover slip. 4. The slide was examined: under low power (10X), then high power (40X). A drawing of 4-6 starch grains was made to illustrate the shape and other observable details for each, low power (10X) and high power (40X). 5. The experiment was preceded by staining the grains using the irrigation technique. (Irrigation technique: A drop of iodine was placed at one edge of the cover slip. A filter paper was brought into contact with the water at the opposite edge of the cover slip. As water was absorbed by the filter paper, iodine on the other side of the cover slip was drawn underneath it and the sample was stained.) 6. The iodine-stained mount was examined under low power (10X) and high power (40X). 4-6 starch grains were drawn to illustrate their shape and structure. These drawings were included in the microscope data sheet as results. II) Observation of onion cells 1. An onion was cut into half and one of its fleshy scale petals was removed. 2. The onion petal was snapped backwards and a forceps was used to tear away a piece of thin epidermal lining from inside the onion. A 1cm square piece of lining was placed onto the microscopic glass slide. 3. A drop of water was placed on the onion epidermal lining and the lining was covered with a cover slip. It was examined under a microscope at low power (10X) and then high power (40X). A drawing of the observations was made. The details that were observed in the preparation were included. . The parts of the onion cells were labelled accordingly. 4. The experiment was preceded by staining the onion lining with iodine by irrigation technique as described earlier. 5. It was examined again under low power (10X) and high power (40X). 4-6 onion cells were drawn in the microscope data sheet as observation. The parts of the onion cells were labelled completely. III) Observation of cheek cells 1. A clean glass microscope slide was obtained and a drop of water was placed in the centre of the slide. 2. A flat toothpick was hold against the inner cheek and the inner cheek was gently scraped with the flat edge of a toothpick. The cheek cells were spread in the drop of water on a microscope slide. 3. The specimen was covered with a cover slip and air bubbles were avoided. 4. It was observed under high power (40X) and a drawing of 4-6 cells was made. 5. The details that can be observed in the preparation were included and were labelled accordingly. 6. The experiment was preceded by staining the cheek cell slide with methylene blue by irrigation technique. 7. The cell with structures observed was drawn in the microscope data sheet as part of the results. Nucleus, nuclear membrane and cell membrane were labelled. Discussion: Under microscopic examination, organelles of the cell are enlarged to be observed. In onion cells (plant cell), cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus are observed. In cheek cells (animal cells), cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus are observed. The difference between plant cells and animal cells are presence of organelles and their cell shape. From the observation of onion cells and cheek cells, it there is presence of cell wall in onion cell (plant cell) but it is absent in animal cell .The presence of cell wall contributes to the fixed, rigid shape of plant cell whereas animal cell is irregular in shape. Different types of stain colour for particular parts of a cell respectively so that the translucent parts of the cells can be viewed more clearly and can be studied easily. Iodine is often used as an indicator for starch. Hence, starch grains and onion cells are more clear and visible when iodine stains starch present in the cells. During observation of starch grains, starch is mixed with iodine solution where dark blue solution is observed, representing a starch/iodine complex. Staining a plant cell with iodine allows us to see the onion cell wall. Methylene blue binds well with negative charge molecules (DNA) which allows us to see the nucleus of the cell. It stains nuclei acid found in the nucleus, making nucleus more observable. For precaution, glass slide is make sure is clean and perfectly transparent by holding the slide by its edge. Glass slide is make sure not to be dry so that the cell can be observed under the microscope. During wet mount, air bubbles that will interfere the viewing the organisms’ movement is to be avoided by putting the covers lip gently on the slide. When observing the specimen, adjust the iris diaphragm or light level to achieve optimum contrast. Low power is always to be used first as to know the location of a good area for observation.

Tamadun Islam Dan Tamadun Asia

Tamadun Islam Dan Tamadun Asia Tamadun Islam Dan Tamadun Asia Pengenalan Agama Buddha ialah agama dan falsafah yang berasaskan ajaran Buddha ÅšÄ kyamuni (SiddhÄ rtha Gautama) yang mungkin lahir pada kurun ke-5 sebelum masihi. Agama Buddha menyebar ke benua India dalam 5 kurun selepas Baginda meninggal dunia. Dalam proses perkembangan agama Buddha, agama ini praktis telah menyentuh hampir seluruh benua Asia. Agama Buddha terus menarik orang ramai menganutnya di seluruh dunia dan mempunyai lebih kurang 350 juta penganut. Agama Buddha dikenali sebagai salah satu agama yang paling besar di dunia. Dalam dua ribu tahun yang seterusnya, agama Buddha telah menyebar ke tengah, tenggara dan timur Asia. Kini, agama Buddha telah dipaparkan sebagai tiga aliran utama, iaitu Theravada, Mahayana, dan Vajrayana (Bajrayana). Latar Belakang dan Kehidupan Buddha Menurut tradisi Buddha, tokoh historis Buddha Siddharta Gautama dilahirkan dari suku Sakya pada awal masa Magadha (546-324 SM), di sebuah kota, selatan pergunungan Himalaya yang bernama Lumbini. Sekarang kota ini terletak di Nepal sebelah selatan. Ia juga dikenal dengan nama Sakyamuni. Setelah kehidupan awalnya yang penuh kemewahan di bawah perlindungan ayahnya, raja Kapilavastu (kemudian hari digabungkan pada kerajaan Magadha), Siddharta melihat kenyataan kehidupan sehari-hari dan membuat kesimpulan bahawa kehidupan nyata, pada hakikatnya adalah kesengsaraan yang tak dapat dihindari. Siddharta kemudian meninggalkan kehidupan mewahnya yang tak ada ertinya lalu menjadi seorang pertapa. Kemudian Baginda berpendapat bahawa bertapa juga tak ada ertinya, dan lalu mencari jalan tengah (majhima patipada ). Jalan tengah ini merupakan sebuah kompromis antara kehidupan berfoya-foya yang terlalu memuaskan hawa nafsu dan kehidupan bertapa yang terlalu menyeksa diri. Di bawah sebuah pohon bodhi, Baginda berkaul tidak akan pernah meninggalkan posisinya sehingga menemui Kebenaran. Pada usia 35 tahun, Baginda mencapai Pencerahan. Pada saat itu Baginda dikenal sebagai Gautama Buddha, atau Buddha(secara harafiah: orang yang telah mencapai Penerangan Sempurna). Untuk 45 tahun selanjutnya, Gautama Buddha telah menyebarkan ajarannya tanpa berhenti di merata-rata tempat. Sejarah Buddhisme di Malaysia Sejarah Buddhisme di Malaysia boleh dibahagikan kepada 2 peringkat: 1. PERINGKAT AWAL: Pada awal kurun Masihi, seperti yang disebutkan oleh Dr. Coedes dalam bukunya, Indianized States of South East Asia, Warisan kebudayaan Orang India di Asia Tenggara dapat dibuktikan daripada corak kebudayaan yang terdapat di Semenanjung dan Tanah Besar Asia Tenggara; Bahasa Sanskrit telah menjadi ansur bahasa tempatan; dan unsur-unsur tradisi orang India masih terdapat di negara-negara yang bertukar kepada Islam. Tetapi Prof. D.G.E. Hall, dalam bukunya A History of South East Asia, percaya bahawa kebanyakan tradisi India telah mengubahsuai apabila bertentangan dengan tradisi tempatan, misalnya sistem kasta tidak pernah dipraktikkan di sini. Akan tetapi fakta ini tidak boleh dihapuskan iaitu aktiviti perdagangan dan perniagaan telah menarik ramai pedagang India datang berdagang di Asia Tenggara. Pedagang-pedagang ini membawa bersama kebudayaan, ugama serta kesenian mereka ke rantau ini. Banyak barangan yang digali dari tanah oleh ahli arkeologi membuktikan bahawa bahagian utara Tanah Melayu, iaitu Negeri Kedah, pernah dipengaruhi oleh kebudayaan awal Buddhisme. Pada pertengahan kurun ke 3 sebelum masihi, selepas Kausil Buddhis Ketiga, Maharaja Asoka telah menghantar dua orang Bhiksu, iaitu Ven. Sona dan Ven. Uttara datang ke rantau ini untuk menyebarkan agama Buddha. Pada kurun yang ke 5, Buddhisme telah berkembang dengan baik di Semenanjung Melayu. Exkavasi arkeologi bukan hanya terhad di Kedah sahaja, tetapi didapati di Kuala Selinsing, Tanjung Rambutan, Lembah Kinta, Bidor dan Sungai Siput di Perak, di Perlis dan juga di Pahang. Langkasuka merupakan sebuah negara Buddhis yang pertama, ia ditubuhkan pada kurun masihi ke 2 dan berpusat di Banjaran Gunung Jelai, kemudian ia mengembangkan kuasanya ke bahagian Selatan Negeri Thai. Pada kurun ke 7, Buddhisme Mahayana telah menjadi sistem Buddhisme yang lebih diterima oleh rakyat Semenanjung Tanah Melayu. Pada masa itu, Tanah Melayu berada di bawah kuasa Srivijaya, sebuah empayar Buddhis yang berpusat di Pulau Jawa. Agama Hindu telah mengalami kebangkitan semula di India pada kurun ke 10, maka Agama Buddha kehilangan sokongan yang diberi oleh istana serta golongan bangsawan. Kejatuhan pengaruhnya di India telah mempengaruhi kekuasaannya di Asia Tenggara. Pada akhir abad ke 12, empayar Srivijaya mengalami kejatuhan, begitu juga halnya dengan pengaruh Buddhisme. Pada awal kurun ke 10, Parameswara mendirikan Empayar Melaka. Apabila Parameswara dan Raja-Raja lain menganuti Agama Islam, agama tersebut telah menjadi agama utama di rantau ini. Sehingga abad ke 15, Islam telah berjaya mengambil alih kedudukan Buddhisme sebagai agama yang utama diterima oleh istana dan rakyat biasa, lantas Buddhisme di Tanah Melayu pada masa itu mengalami kemerosotan. Walaupun begitu, masih terdapat banyak peninggalan kebudayaan Buddhisme di Kedah, Perlis dan Kelantan akibat pengaruh Negeri Thai. Unsur-unsur Buddhisme masih terbukti dalam drama Menora dan wayang kulit. 2. PERINGKAT KOMTEMPORARI: Penghijrahan beramai-ramai orang China ke Tanah Melayu pada abad ke 17 merupakan arus ombak yang kedua. Pada masa itu, Buddhisme hanya merupakah upacara amalan yang penuh dengan kepercayaan dan kebudayaan Cina. Hanya pada tahun 1950, barulah terdapat penganut Buddha yang cuba meningkatkan status dan kedudukan Buddhisme. Dengan tertubuhnya banyak organisasi buddhis, termasuk YBAM (Young Buddhist Association of Malaysia) dan MBA (Malaysian Buddhist Association), maka wujudlah satu suasana yang baru yang menyatupadukan para Buddhis. Satu perkembangan lain yang penting ialah terdapatnya pengaliran masuk bentuk-bentuk Buddhisme yang dipengaruhi oleh kebudayaan-kebudayaan Thai, Sri Langka, Burma, Jepun dan Tibet. Ini telah membentuk Buddhisme di Malaysia yang pelbagai rupa bentuk. Cara-cara Perkembangan Buddhisme Di Malaysia 1. Membentuk Buddhisme Malaysia Buddhisme ialah agama yang tiada batasan negara dan kaum. Walau bagaimanapun, untuk menghadapi masalah taraf pemikiran dan budaya manusia setempat, Buddhisme muncul dalam rupa bentuk yang telah diubahsuaikan tetapi dasar Ajaran Buddha yang sama . Sifat fleksibilitinya telah menyebabkan Buddhisme yang disebarkan di pelbagai tempat muncul dengan rupa bentuk yang berlainan akibat persekitaran, kaum serta latar belakang kebudayaannya yang berlainan, di samping itu pula mereka dapat mengekalkan ajaran Buddha. Buddhisme yang mempunyai banyak ciri tempatan merupakan sifat Buddhisme yang unik dalam sejarah penyebarannya. Malaysia ialah negara yang merdeka, maka Buddhisme yang disebarkan di tempat ini mestilah mempunyai identiti yang bercorak Malaysia. Malaysia ialah negara bersifat majmuk, begitu juga halnya dengan Buddhisme yang disebarkan di negara ini. Sebahagian besar penganut Buddha di negara ini berketurunan Cina, maka aliran utama Buddhisme banyak dopengaruhi oleh Buddhisme dari sistem Bahasa Cina. Sementara itu Negeri Thai dan Sri Lanka, akibat kedudukan geografinya yang dekat dengan Malaysia, telah mempengaruhi Buddhisme Malaysia dengan Buddhisme sistem Bahasa Pali. Dalam beberapa tahun kebelakangan ini, terdapat pula pengaliran masuk Buddhisme sistem Bahasa Tibet dan hasil-hasil kajian akademik Buddhisme yang dilakukan oleh Jepun. Penyerapan bahagian-bahagian penting dari Buddhisme berbagai sistem bahasa dan membuangkan mana-mana ciri yang tidak sesuai dengan suasana di Malaysia, akan menjadikan Buddhisme Malaysia berbentuk majmuk. 2. Melatih pendakwah Buddhis tempatan Perkataan tempatan bermaksud negara kita, negeri ini atau persatuan Buddhis masing-masing. Kita amat memerlukan pendakwah Buddhis tempatan untuk menjalankan tanggungjawab penyebaran agama Buddha. Pada masa ini, Buddhisme di Malaysia berada di peringkat perkembaangan yang awal, kadar pertumbuhan dalam pengeluaran pendakwah terlatih adalah rendah jika dibanding dengan perkembangan luaran Buddhisme, ini akan menimbulkan banyak masalah kepada Buddhisme. Pengundangan pensyarah luar negeri ke Malaysia adalah perlu untuk meninggikan taraf kajian akademik dan pengaliran kebudayaan duahala, walau bagaimanapun, usaha melatih pensyarah tempatan adalah lebih diperlukan. Selain daripada itu, kita harus memikirkan keupayaan kita dari segi kewangan. Hanya kita yang paling memahami keadaan majmuk negara ini, dan Buddhisme yang kita perlukan ialah Buddhisme yang paling difahami oleh kita sendiri, lagipun kita harus berdikari dalam mengembangkan Buddhisme.Pada ketika ini, pandangan negatif bahawa segala- galanya yang berasal dari luar negeri adalah lebih baik berbanding dengan yang di sini. Pandangan ini mesti dikikis. Kita mesti memberi lebih banyak peluang dan galakan kepada para pensyarah tempatan. 3. Meningkatkan taraf kajian akademik Kita tidak boleh berhenti lama di suatu taraf kajian akademik. Jika ditinjau dari pelbagai sudut, kita harus mengakui bahawa taraf kajian akademik Buddhisme kita adalah rendah, dan kita bertanggungjawab untuk meninggikannya. Peningkatan taraf kajian akademik merupakan cara penting untuk meninggikan kedudukan Buddhisme, ia juga cara asas untuk menegak dan menguatkan kedudukan Buddhisme di sesuatu rantau da dunia ini. Kita harus menubuhkan pusat penyelidikan dan kajian Buddhisme serta melatih penyelidik- penyelidik sepenuh masa. Pada masa yang sama, individu- individu yang mempunyai keinginan untuk membuat penyelidikan dan kajian Buddhisme, haruslah sentiasa menjalani pendidikan kendiri untuk meningkatkan tarafnya sendiri. 4. Meninggikan kualiti kultivasi (cultivation) Sifat keseluruhan Buddhisme dapat ditunjukkan dalam konsep penyatuan teori dan amali. Teori dan amali adalah saling bergantungan dan saling menggenap antara satu sama lain. Hasil daripada penyelidikan, kita memperolehi pengetahuan secara teori, ia dapat memandu kultivasi. Dari segi amali pula, kita dapat mengetahui kebenaran sesuatu teori. Maka, teori dan amali mestilah digabungjalinkan. Peningkatan dalam kualiti kultivasi sudah semestinya penting. Kita harus menganjurkan lebih banyak kursus kultivasi umpamanya kem yang melakukan meditasi dan sebagainya. Persatuan-persatuan Buddhis di pelbagai tempat juga harus mementingkan amalan memberi penghormatan kepada Buddha sebagai satu cara kultivasi umpamanya perbuatan menyujud imej Buddha. Puja dan amalan mengaku kesilapan serta keinginan untuk memperbaiki kesilapan berkenaan harus selalu diadakan. Pusat Kultivasi harus ditubuhkan dengan mengundang seorang guru yang berpengalaman untuk menjalankan kursus-kursus kultivasi bagi jangka masa panjang dan pendek. 5. Mengadakan aktiviti terancang Pada masa sekarang, banyak aktiviti telah dijalankan oleh persatuan-persatuan Buddhis, tetapi, kita harap agar aktiviti-aktiviti yang hendak dijalankan itu, sama ada di peringkat kebangsaan, daerah, ataupun persatuan-persatuan masing-masing, akan mempunyai perancangan yang rapi. Hanya aktiviti-aktiviti yang terancang dengan rapi akan mencapai matlamat atau hasil yang dikehendaki. Pihak penganjur harus menyerap pengalaman orang lain serta menimbang keupayaan dan kehendak sendiri, seterusnya membuat perancangan rapi. Jika perlu, kita boleh mengadakan khemah kerja sebelum sesuatu aktiviti atau projek diadakan bagi melatih ahli-ahli jawatankuasa kerja, ini dapat membantu sesuatu aktiviti itu dijalankan secara terancang dan berjaya. 6. Kursus Latihan Yang Sistematik Kursus latihan Buddhisme di Malaysia telah mengalami kepelbagaian seperti pelajar-pelajar pusat pengajian tinggi ke guru, pelajar-pelajar sekolah menengah, dari penganut biasa ke pendakwah Buddhis, dari tahap rendah ke tahap tinggi, dari penyelidikan ke kultivasi, dari peringkat awal ke peringkat yang lebih mentap, semuanya kita perlu menyediakan kursus latihan tertentu untuk tujuan tersebut. Walaupun kita mempunyai pengalaman dan kepelbagaian aktiviti, tetapi dapat diperhatikan bahawa kursus-kursus yang kita adakan tidak diselaraskan secara sistematik. Ini perlu diperbaiki;terutamanya untuk meningkatkan taraf kajian akademik dan kualiti kultivasi. Kita perlu menubuhkan satu jawatankuasa khas untuk menyelaraskan kursus-kursus secara sistematik supaya ia dapat menunjukkkan ciri-ciri kesinambungan. Kursus-kursus itu juga perlu diubahsuai mengikut keperluan dan perubahan masyarakat. Untuk membentuk suatu era Buddhisme Malaysia yang baru, masa yang diperlukan agak panjang tetapi arah perkembangan mestilah jelas. Walaupun usaha kita belum menampakkan kejayaan yang jelas, tetapi sekurang-kurangnya kita telah mula melakukan sesuatu, sebagai usaha membuka jalan untuk generasi-generasi akan datang, supaya mereka dapat terus menyalakan cahaya kebenaran. Ciri-ciri universal buddha Alam semesta ini mempunyai ciri-ciri yang tersendiri . Ciri-ciri itu tetap wujud sama ada sedar atau tidak dan percaya atau tidak . Sebagai contoh , haba sentiasa dikaitkan dengan api . Ia merupakan satu ciri api . Sama ada percaya kenyataan di atas benar atau tidak , ciri itu tetap ada pada api . Kebenaran ini tidak dapat dinafikan . Manusia ialah salah satu daripada makhluk yang hidup dalam alam semesta ini . Kewujudan manusia juga tertakluk kepada ciri-ciri tertentu . Kehidupan manusia berkait rapat dengan ciri-ciri itu . Ciri-ciri itu ialah Anicca, Dukkha dan Anatta. Ini adalah tiga ciri universal mengenai kewujudan. Sungguhpun Buddha mengemukakan fakta ini, ia tidak bermakna Buddha yang menciptanya. Dengan PencerahanNya, Buddha telah dapat melihat dan menyedari hakikat ini. ANICCA Setiap benda tidak berkekalan — ia sentiasa tertakluk kepada pereputan dan perubahan . Begitu juga badan fizikal kita yang sentiasa berubah-ubah . Sekiranya kita mempunyai gambar foto yang diambil pada masa yang berlainan , maka dengan jelasnya ia menunjukkan bahawa kita sentiasa mengalami perubahan. Selain daripada itu , fikiran kita juga sentiasa berubah . Kalau tidak percaya , cuba kita duduk, tenangkan fikiran tanpa berfikir. Seribu satu macam fikiran akan timbul. Dalam sains , kita telah mempelajari bahawa benda-benda yang nampaknya tidak berubah seperti lautan, benua, matahari atau cakerawala, kesemuanya sentiasa berubah . Keadaan tidak kekal ini ialah ciri universal yang disebut Anicca dalam Pali. Bolehkah kita menyangsikan kebenaran ini dalam hidup ? Pemahaman ciri ketidakkekalan ini adalah amat penting. la menjalin perhubungan baik kita dengan orang lain. Umpamaannya apabila seseorang itu memarahi kita, kita harus sedar pada saat itu bahawa dia tidak senang hati. Tetapi keadaan ini tidak kekal. Jadi kita patut bertoleransi dengannya. Dengan pemahaman ciri ini juga, ia menunjukkan bahawa zaman muda-mudi, kesihatan badan, kemewahan kebendaan bahkan hidup itu adalah tidak kekal. Oleh itu, selagi kita masih muda dan cergas, kita patut menggunakan keadaan yang baik itu dengan sebaik-baiknya. Kita harus berusaha bersungguh-sungguh untuk mencapai kebahagiaan dan seterusnya Pencerahan. DUKKHA Dalam erti kata biasa, Dukkha diertikan sebagai kesengsaraan. Ia berlawanan dengan Sukkha yang bermaksud kebahagiaan. Walau bagaimanapun, perkataan ini membawa makna yang lebih dalam. la meliputi segala perasaan tidak puas. Sebenarnya, tidak susah untuk melihat kewujudan Dukkha di dunia ini. Apabila berjalan di dalam bandar, kita dapat melihat pengemis, yang tua atau muda, ada yang cacat anggota. Bukankah ini Dukkha? Yang paling jelas ialah keadaan di hospital. Di situ kita dapat membuktikan pada diri kita bahawa kesengsaraan merupakan satu perkara yang umum. Kita telah melihat bahawa segala yang terdapat di dunia ini tidak kekal. Ketidakkekalan juga merupakan satu punca Dukkha. Mengapa begitu? Biarlah kita menunjukkannya dengan satu contoh. Kekayaan, misalannya, merupakan satu perkara yang baik, begitu juga dengan pencapaian kebendaan, zaman muda-mudi, kesihatan badan, perhubungan baik dengan orang lain dan sebagainya, tetapi janganlah kita berpaut kepada kesemuanya itu. Sekiranya kita terlalu berpaut kepada apa yang kita anggap sebagai baik, menyeronokkan dan cantik, kita akan sengsara sebab kesemuanya tertakluk kepada perubahan. la tidak akan kekal selama-lamanya. Dukkha adalah satu ciri universal. Dengan memahaminya, seseorang dapat menghadapi kesengsaraan sebagai satu hakikat dalam hidup dan seterusnya berusaha untuk mengatasi kesengsaraan dengan mengikuti ajaran Buddha. ANATTA Selalunya orang beranggap bahawa terdapat satu aku di dalam kita. Aku itu adalah seperti satu roh yang kekal, benar dan unggul. Cuba fikirlah, sekiranya terdapat satu benda yang dipanggil aku yang kekal dan dapat kita kekalkan, maka kita seharusnya dapat kenal pastikannya. Tetapi adakah ini benar? Buddha telah mengatakan bahawa tiada satu benda yang kekal. Semua benda tertakluk kepada perubahan. Ini termasuklah kita sendiri. Jadi tidak ada satu roh yang kekal yang kita boleh anggapkan sebagai aku. Ini adalah ertinya Anatta. Sebenarnya apa yang dikatakan sebagai entiti aku dalam ayat Aku pergisekolah. ialah satu nama atau panggilan untuk satu kumpulan benda fizikal dan mental yang wujud dalam satu tubuh badan. Mungkin kita boleh menggunakan Proton Saga sebagai contoh. Sebenarnya apa yang dikatakan sebagai Proton Saga ialah satu himpunan benda seperti skru, tayar, enjin, kusyen, kaca dan sebagainya. Sekiranya dipisah-pisahkan, kita tidak dapat mencari suatu benda yang terpisah itu yang boleh dianggap sebagai Proton Saga. Hal yang sama adalah terjadi pada kita sebagai manusia. Anggapan bahawa terdapatnya satu aku dalam diri kita sebenarnya merupakan satu tanggapan yang palsu. Ini akan menyebabkan seseorang cuba untuk mempertahankan dengan habis-habisan sesuatu yang dianggap sebagai kepunyaannya seperti pendapatnya, hak miliknya dan lain-lain. Sebaliknya, kalau seseorang itu memahami dan sedar bahawa aku sebenarnya hanya merupakan satu nama panggilan untuk himpunan unsur-unsur fizikal dan mental yang sentiasa berubah, maka ia tidak akan berpaut kepada kesemuanya. Apa yang patut kita lakukan ialah berusaha supaya berkembang untuk menyempurnakan diri. Jadi, kita harus cuba bermurah hati dan berbelas kasihan terhadap semua makhluk dan tidak bersifat sombong. Ciri-ciri yang lain Kebebasan menyiasat Kebebasan menyoal dan menyelidik merupakan hak asasi setiap orang. Seseorang itu dibenarkan menyoal, menyelidik dan seterusnya membuat pilihan sendiri. Inilah ciri yang seharusnya ada dalam mempelajari agama Buddha. Jadi kita dapati Buddhisme tidak menyekat hak-hak kebebasan kita, umpamaannya kebebasan berfikir dan memilih. Malahan pula ia menggalakkan kita bertindak secara waras dan rasional, tidak dikongkong oleh tradisi serta kepercayaan karut atau wahyu. Akan tetapi kita mesti bertanggungjawab ke atas segala keputusan yang dibuat. Berdikari Sekiranya kita berasa lapar, kita mesti berusaha sendiri untuk mencari makanan dan memakannya. Orang lain tidak dapat makan untuk kita. Mereka hanya dapat menunjukkan di mana makanan itu dan bagaimana untuk mendapatkannya. Mungkin anda akan bertanya: Bagaimana jika saya duduk di atas kerusi sahaja dan menyuruh orang lain membawakan makanan kepada saya dan menyuapkannya ke dalam mulut saya. Bukankah saya tidak perlu berusaha? Ya, nampaknya apa yang anda katakan itu betul. Tetapi, cuba fikir dengan mendalam lagi. Adakah nasib anda begitu baik dan terdapat orang yang sentiasa bersedia untuk melayani anda seumur hidup? Biarpun terdapatnya orang yang sudi melayani anda tetapi kalau anda tidak berikhtiar untuk membuka mulut anda, mengunyah lalu menelan makanan yang disuapkan itu, anda tidak dapat menghilangkan kelaparan itu. Begitu juga jika kita hendak memperbaiki atau memajukan keadaan diri, kita mesti berusaha sendiri. Buddha memberitahu bahawa kitalah yang bertanggungjawab ke atas diri kita. Jadi kita patut berusaha dan berdikari. Berdikari Perbuatan dosa sendiri sengsara dirasai cegah dosa usaha diri Nibbana jelma suci Tiada pelindung luaran Tiada siapa yang mungkin Hayati ajaran kami Buddha penunjuk murni. Toleransi Selain daripada menghormati hak manusia untuk menyiasat dan memilih, Buddhisme juga menggalakkan sikap toleransi terhadap orang lain tanpa mengira warna kulit, agama atau kepercayaan. Manusia harus mengasihi antara satu sama lain. Kita mesti mempunyai sifat belas kasihan terhadap makhluk yang lain. Buddhisme mengajar kita supaya hidup dengan harmoni dalam masyarakat. Sekiranya manusia ingin hidup dengan bahagia dalam dunia ini maka ia harus menghormati orang lain serta mengambil berat tentang kebajikan orang lain. Ajaran-ajaran seperti ini amatlah penting dan sesuai untuk masyarakat yang berbilang kaum, berlainan agama dan bahasa. ‘Ehi-Passiko Ertinya Datang dan melihat, janganlah datang dan mempercayai. Ini merupakan salah satu ciri istimewa dalam ajaran Buddha. Mungkin kita boleh menggunakan satu contoh untuk menunjukkan hal ini. Katakan memberitahu bahawa terdapat sebiji permata di dalam genggaman. Soalan yang akan anda tanya ialah:sama ada anda boleh mempercayai saya atau tidak. Oleh sebab anda belum melihat permata itu dengan mata anda sendiri, kepercayaan anda akan bergantung kepada sejauh mana saya dapat meyakinkan anda. Tetapi sekiranya saya melepaskan tangan saya, soal percaya atau tidak tidak timbul lagi, sebab anda telah dapat melihat permata itu wujud atau tidak. Begitu juga dalam Buddhisme, anda dijemput datang untuk mencari kebenaran Buddhisme dan bukanlah datang dan mempercayainya. Buddhisme dengan hidup Ajaran Buddha berhubung rapat dengan kehidupan kita. Dalam dunia yang serba moden ini pun, ia tetap praktikal. Pada peringkat yang paling asas, Buddhisme mengajar kita cara untuk menghadapi keadaan yang baik ataupun sebaliknya. Dengan mengamalkan ajaran-ajaran Buddha, kita dapat menjalin hubungan yang baik dengan orang lain. Pada peringkat yang tinggi, Buddhisme mengajar kita bagaimana melatih pemikiran kita untuk menghadapi cabaran hidup serta memahami makna hidup yang benar. Buddhisme menunjukkan cara untuk menamatkan kesengsaraan. Sekiranya kita mengikuti jalan yang telah ditunjukkan maka kita akan memperoleh kesejahteraan ini. Sungguhpun Buddhisme merupakan satu agama yang wujud sejak lebih daripada 2,500 tahun yang lalu, tetapi dalam zaman moden ia tetap sesuai dan diperlukan dalam kehidupan kita. Dengan mengamalkan ajaran Buddha, kita dapat memperbaiki hubungan kita dengan keluarga serta masyarakat. Dengan ini kebahagiaan dan keharmonian akan muncul. Selain daripada itu, ia memberi peluang untuk kebahagiaan kerana ia menunjukkan cara untuk menghapuskan kesengsaraan. Riwayat hidup Buddha merupakan satu pendorong untuk seseorang membentuk sikap berdikari, menegakkan tanggungjawab moral, toleransi, belas kasihan dan kebijaksanaan. Pendek kata, Buddhisme dapat memperkayakan hidup seseorang serta menjadikannya lebih bermakna dalam dunia nyata ini. Perbezaan antara agama Hindu dan Buddha Agama Hindu dan agama Buddha adalah dua agama yang berbeza. Perbezaan utama adalah bahawa Buddhisme merupakan agama atheistic, bererti mereka tidak percaya pada Tuhan, manakala Hindu mempunyai tuhan yang berbeza. Oleh sebab itu, mereka memiliki sedikit berbeza upacara yang mereka lakukan. Hindu biasanya menyediakan makanan kepada Tuhan pada setiap pagi. Selain itu, agama Hindu tidak memiliki pendiri, sesuai dengan isi agama diwahyukan kepada ulama, tetapi dalam waktu kuno, mereka juga mengatakan bahawa agama selalu ada dan akan mengamalkan. Buddhisme memiliki pendiri agama, iaitu Siddharta Gautama. Hinduisme datang ke sekitar 4000 tahun yang lalu. Manakala Buddhisme datang semasa sekitar 2500 tahun yang lalu. Perilaku mereka ketika mereka datang ke kuil Hindu dan untuk jatuh atau dagoba Buddha juga menpunyai berbeza. Bagi agama Hindu, yang ada di setiap candi dewa mereka untuk dikorbankan. Agama Buddha memiliki atau abu jenazah dari rahib terkenal, atau Buddha sendiri. Mereka berjalan mengelilingi bangunan hanya untuk mendapatkan kuasa penyembuhan. Penganut Buddha mementingkan perayaan tiga upacara Buddha yang utama, iaitu kelahiran, pendidikan, dan kematiannya. Manakala penganut agama Hindu merayakan pesta yang lebih banyak dan tidak mementingkan sesetengah upacara sahaja. Kedua-dua agama Hindu dan Buddha mengadakan upacara ketika seorang anak dilahirkan, tetapi mereka sedikit berbeza. Buddhisme mengambil baru lahir ke biara di mana rahib sing anak dan beri nama. Ketika seorang anak dilahirkan sebagai Hindu dan menjadi ayah, hari yang sama, memasukkan cincin emas terhadap anak bibir dan berkata: Mei hidup Anda adalah sebagai mahal sebagai emas. Akan tergantung pada baik pemikiran, ucapan, dan melakukan perbuatan-perbuatan.† Agama Hindu memiliki dua upacara lainnya yang kurang dirayakan oleh penganut Buddha. Salah satu adalah haircut upacara, ia datang kebanyakan anak laki-laki dan berarti antara 1 dan 5 tahun, mereka harus mencukur kepala mereka dan dengan lubricated yoghurt dari sapi. Hal ini dilakukan untuk mencuci diri setiap karma buruk dari kehidupan sebelumnya. Yang kedua adalah upacara suci thread upacara, ini hanya berlaku untuk Castes tinggi, dan ini sebagai salah satu jenis konfirmasi. Anak harus berjanji untuk tidak berhubungan seks se belum menikah, untuk memenuhi tugas-tugas mereka kepada tuhan, orang tua dan guru agama mereka. Sebagai bukti janji menempatkan persten yang terjalin melalui kawat bahu kiri , kemudian ke gantung secara diagonal di seluruh dada dan di bawah tangan kanan. Setelah upacara termasuk anak sebagai orang dewasa. Terkait dengan ini, ada semacam konfirmasi juga dalam Buddhisme. Ianya adat agar anak laki-laki lanjut dalam biara ketika mereka mencapai remaja, perempuan adalah hal yang sama, tetapi ketika sebuah biara. Ketika seorang penganut Hindu mendekati kematian, dia ingin mengunjungi situs kudus. Dia meninggalkan keluarganya dan menjadi rahib. Sebaiknya semua, ia ingin ada abu-Nya tersebar di sungai Ganges suci.Penganut Buddha yang ingin menghabiskan akhir minggu di biara. Ini disebabkan oleh mereka berfikir bahawa saat kematian dapat menjadi mendapat penerangan. Untuk mencapai pencerahan dalam Buddhisme, harus hidup dalam dan berkonsentrasi monasteries semua kehidupan mereka untuk mencapai nirvana. Hindu ada hanya empat tahapan yang harus mereka melalui, mereka juga harus hidup kehidupan yang baik. Persamaan antara agama Hindu dan Buddha Terdapat juga beberapa kesamaan antara kedua-dua agama. Kedua-dua agama percaya reinkarnasi, bahawa kita dilahirkan kembali dalam tubuh yang lain. Menurut agama Hindu, yang di dalam jiwa manusia dari sapi sambil menunggu sebuah tubuh. Ia adalah salah satu alasan mengapa ia sangat sakral. Kedua-dua agama juga percaya bahawa ada jalan keluar dari siklus ini, tetapi ada jalan mereka sedikit berbeza. Hindu memiliki dokumen ertinya, pengetahuan, jalan, jalan umum dan didedikasikan drill jalan. Mereka juga memiliki dua aturan bahawa setiap orang harus hidup, mencedera apapun atau membunuh makhluk hidup dan menunjukkan kasih kepada semua ciptaan. Buddha masyarakat yang hidup setelah delapan jalur jalan dimana delapan melambangkan sebuah roda. Mereka memiliki empat macam kebenaran, kebenaran tentang penderitaan, kebenaran mengenai asal usul penderitaan, kebenaran mengenai bantuan dari penderitaan dan kebenaran dari delapan jalur. Dari segi geografi pula, kedua-dua agama memiliki kedudukan mereka di Asia. Buddhisme telah menyebar ke termasuk Tibet, Cina, Korea, Jepang dan lain-lainnya. Hinduisme pula memiliki akar di India dan sekitarnya. Kedua-dua agama Hindu dan Buddha,selepas seseorang mati, ahli keluarga mereka akan menggunakan cara pembakaran mayat. Hindu berdandan yang mati dalam pakaian bagus sebelum mereka membakar dia, gigi anak yang tertua. Mereka lebih memilih untuk menerima semua mereka abu tersebar di Ganges pada personon tidak di Ganges menyebarkan abu di sungai terdekat. Penganut Buddha pula dibakar dengan upacara tertentu. Rahib, teman dan ahli keluarga akan termasuk dalam upacara. Kesimpulan Buddha adalah benar sama rata kepada semua. Setiap lapisan masyarakat tidak kira kaya atau miskin, semuanya dianggap sama rata dalam mata Buddha. Agama Buddha tidak mengabaikan agama lain atau mengutuk agama lain sebagai agama jahat. Dalam ajaran agama Buddha, kenyataan dan ilmu yang diajar bukannya perintah yang mestinya dituruti. Sesiapa yang tidak faham boleh mengemukakan soalannya dan soalan ini akan dijelaskan sehingga mencapai kefahamannya. Buddha pernah berkata: Keraguan yang besar akan mendapat lebih banyak pengajaran, keraguan yang sedikit akan mendapat pengajaran yang sedikit, manakala jika tiada keraguan, maka tiada pengajaran yang boleh dicapai. Lampiran Patung Sidharta Gautama di Candi Borobudur Indonesia. Tempat penyembahan umat buddha di Jepun Patung emas Sidharta Gautama di Filiphina Rujukan 1. http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_Buddha 2. http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_agama_Buddha 3. http://wapedia.mobi/id/Buddhisme 4. http://www.slideshare.net/katherine0111/agama-buddha-2047661 5. http://dhamma-bm.tripod.com/am/sejarah.htm 6.http://wapedia.mobi/id/Sejarah_agama_Buddha?t=4. 7.http://74.125.153.132/search?q=cache:fe_ATowMUWAJ:images.fazaly.multiply.multiplycontent.com/attachment/0/So-PAQoKCJEAAAyqlHw1/zTugas%2520Sejarah.docfzl.doc%3Fnmid%3D277222991+sejarah+agama+buddhacd=200hl=enct=clnkgl=my

Terrorist Attack On World Trade Center Media Essay

Terrorist Attack On World Trade Center Media Essay This paper is about how media cover and communicate important events. The term communication is strongly bound with mass media in a way by which the coverage of the media can change the information itself. In this paper I am going to analyze how media covered and communicated the terrorist attack of 9th September 2001 at the World Trade Center in Manhattan downtown and to inform the reader of this paper the role that mass media had. When I say, how media communicated this event, I mean which were the images that media showed and how explained them to the audience, also what kind of language media used and what were the emotions that media conveyed to the audience. Introduction Through history, all over the world had been many terrorist attacks. Some of them we know and still remember because of the extensive coverage from media. For the others, the large amount of people does not know them because media did not communicated them, thus mass communication which is a tool in hands of media can change viewpoints, believes or even shape cultures. What happened the day of 09/11/2001 A normal day had just started and nobody could possibly new what it was going to happen that day. The flight 11, from Boston to Los Angeles, took off at 7:59 am with 76 passengers, 5 terrorists and 11 crew members on board (AMERICAN AIRLINES FLIGHT 11). While in the same time another plain was getting ready for takeoff, it was the flight 175, from Boston to Los Angeles. The second flight, which had 50 passengers, 5 terrorist and 9 people crew personnel, was in the air at 8:14 am (UNITED AIRLINES FLIGHT 175). At 8:19 am was the first alert from flight 11, when flight attendances inform ground personnel that the plain had been hijacked, and the American Airlines notified FBI. At 8:24 am Mohammed Atta one of the five hijackers, of the flight 11, communicated accidentally with the ground personnel. Sixteen minutes later, at 8:40 am, the North American Aerospace Defense Command and Northeast Air Defense Sector (NEADS) were informed from the Federal Aviation Administration about the hijack ing in flight 11. The response of NEADS was, to send two aircraft to locate and to escort the flight 11. Unfortunately the two send aircrafts did not found flight 11 in time and at 8:46 am the north tower of World Trade Center was struck by the plane between the floors 93 to 99. 9:02 am Port Authority officials ordered to evacuate both towers from public address system, while the next minute the south tower of the World Trade Center was struck by a second plane, flight 175, between the floors 75 to 85. Few minutes later the Federal Aviation Administration stopped every takeoff and flight around Manhattan and at 9:21 am the Port Authority closes every tunnel and bridge in the Yew Your City. At 9:42 for the first time in US history the Federal Aviation Administration decides to land all aircrafts all over the US airspace for security reasons. For two and a half hours 4500 flights from which some were commercial and others were private, were guided from US to Canada. At 9:59 am the sou th tower of the World Trade Center collapsed and twenty-nine minutes later the north tower also collapsed. The mayor Rudolph Giuliani at 11 oclock ordered to evacuate the Lower Manhattan south of Canal Street, an area which includes more than 1 million people (9/11: Timeline of Events). The official report of this terrorist attack was that in both towers the number of victims was 2016. Also, 403 victims were found among firefighters, NYPD officers and port authority police officers and the vast majority of the victims were between 35 to 39 years old (September 11 by Numbers). How media covered this event Television As we know television is the most massive channel among the media which brings instantly the information to the audience by providing live images, comments, sounds, emotions, interviews from eyewitness and different viewpoints. All these together contribute to shape an opinion and convey it to the audience. The terrorist attack on the world trade center became instantly the number one news almost in every country of the world. International and local TV stations stopped their fixed program with breaking news and started broadcasting live images and information from the world trade center. CNN CNN stopped its program and started with a full screen of the flaming tower and at the down side of the screen the title WORLD TRADE CENTER DISASTER and also below the title were the live stock market price of Down Jones, SP 500 and NASDAQ. Few seconds after the first impression that people perceived the presenter of news started explaining what was happening and provided additional information that were not confirmed yet while her voice tone was calm and clear. The CNN covered this event with two presenters explaining the event, providing information and asking questions to interviewers. The pattern was to contact with people who were in different places and saw the first impact on the tower. The first eyewitness, who talked and gave the first information about the event, was a CNN producer. With calm voice, he first talked about a plane which crashed on the world trade center. Immediately the title changed and became PLANE CRASHED INTO WORLD TRADE CENTER TOWER while, the camera sta yed frozen on the flaming tower. The other interviewers were every-day people who saw the impact from their home, work and from the street. They were under emotional strain, distress and shock. In the mean while the presenters were mention frequently that the images were live. When the second plane crashed into the second tower the cameraman zoom out and after while we saw in slow motion the second plane hitting the tower and getting burned in it. After the slow motion, the camera zoomed at the flames and the smoke that was coming out of buildings. When the towers started collapsing one after another the CNN covered it live and from a camera down on the street started broadcasting images from the place of the tragedy. The images were from people who had been injured and had blood everywhere on their body, while their faces were black from the dust and the blood, they were scared people under shock who were screaming and looking for their relatives (Cnn 09 11 2001 Live Unedited Cnn N ews Coverage Of Wtc Attacks From 8 50Am To 11 30Am 911 Cnn Footage) BBC BBC covered this event in a totally different way from CNN. On BBC the first thing that the audience saw was the presenter who started explaining what had happened. For a while she was repeating the same and the same that an aircraft had crashed into the WTC and the worlds that she was using were dramatically, such as explosions still taking place, something that we could not see, chaos and panic. Furthermore, the presenter was saying frequently that a plane has crashed into the WTC. BBC also had a helicopter coverage in a long distance from the WTC and they lost the second hit, and BBC showed just the result of the hit and nobody could understood what had happened. After a while, BBC showed the second plane crashed into the second tower, and the presenter characterized the timing and the area that the attack took place busy time and in busy blocks. BBC showed many times the second plane crashing on the WTC and in every time the presenter was using dramatic language which convey pani c and terror to the audience. A BBC correspondent also said that the WTC had been targeted by terrorists in 1993 when a bomb had exploded. The first eyewitness was Ash Rajan, who was in the lowest floors of the WTC at the time of the first impact. With clear voice he demonstrated the events as he had experienced them but he was using dramatic worlds such as panic, huge explosion, tremendous pole of smoke and looked like a tornado. The presenter interrupted him just few times and asked him a few questions like, if he saw the plane and what people thought when they saw fires to come out of the building. The second interviewer also explained what she saw and experienced in dramatic tone and language, by using words like people screaming and panic. Additionally, the angle of the camera or the camera lens or both of them were set up in a way that the images were dark and the camera was zooming just the two flaming towers and the dark smoke in the background was. In the same way were the images that BBC broadcasted when the towers started collapsing one after another and the dust went everywhere and covered everything but because of the camera lens the images looked like the whole downtown Manhattan was under attack (BBC World FULL TV Coverage September 11, 2001 Part 1, 2, 3, 5, 8) Newspapers Another important medium for mass communication are newspapers. Newspapers come the next day of every event and covered it in depth, by providing additional information and stressing details. Newspaper is considered as a portable medium which its audience carries it around and spend time and effort to read it. Thus this mass communication medium can also shape or even change viewpoints of an event. The Arizona Republic, published in Phoenix, USA In the front-page of this newspaper the first thing that the audience will see the world TERROR in capital and bold font. Then the two pictures, the first one which was the main picture of the front-page depicted the moment just before the second plane hits the second tower and the other depicted some people running away from the dust when one of the two towers collapsed (TERROR Thousands dead as hijacked jets slam Trade Center, Pentagon). Los Angeles Times, published in Los Angeles, USA Los Angeles Times had into their front-page as a heading TERRORISTS ATTACK NEW YOURK, PENTAGON and just below this a subheading in smaller font Thousands Dead, Injured as Hijacked U.S. Airliners Ram Targets; World Trade Center Is Destroyed. In the front-page there were also two pictures at the same size from which the first illustrated the moment before the plane hit the tower and the other picture illustrated the moment just after the impact, the explosion, and at the background we could saw the fist-shaken tower. Additional, article-titles that we could saw just below of the two pictures were A Struggle to Escape Fiery Chaos, President Shoulders Historic Weight and the Choreography of Carnage Was Precisely Timed, FBI Says (TERRORISTS ATTACK NEW YORK, PENTAGON). San Francisco Examiner, published in San Francisco, USA This newspaper had in its front-page just one large photography which illustrated the moment that the plane crashed into the tower and get burned in it, when the smoke and the fire was coming out of the building as one entity. The newspaper had emphasized on the colors to make the image more impressive and alive. Also, we could clearly see the debris falling from collision point. The main title, which was placed above this photo, was the world BASTARDS and just below the photo another title colored in red stated A CHANGED AMERICA (BASTARDS!) Hartford Courant, published in Hartford, USA The first thing that the readers could instantly see on this newspaper was the large heading in capital font which stated ACT OF WAR. Then the main picture of the front-page depicted a man who was holding a fire extinguisher and was walking in the middle of the debris and at the background were two segments from the towers that had collapsed. The colors were blurry and the only thing that was distinguished was the fire extinguisher which was vivid red. Then the subheading, which was between the main title and the picture, and stated WITH CHILLING PRECISION, TERRORISTS DELIVER DEATH AS AMERICA WATCHES HELPLESSLY. On the bottom of the front-page was the indexed-content and at its right side were placed article related with the terrorist attack and in which page each article was (ACT OF WAR). The Washington Post, published in Washington, USA Washington Post had as its main title Terrorists Hijack 4 Airlines, Destroy World Trade Center, Hit Pentagon; Hundreds Dead and below it in the center of the front-page we could see two pictures one below the other and text at the two sides. The first picture illustrated the second plane just before it hit the second tower, while the other tower was in fire and black smoke was coming out of the shaken spot. The second picture was about the hit at the Pentagon, both pictures were very dark and the images were not so clear. At the right side of the pictures there was the subheading Bush Promises Retribution; Military Put on Highest Alert and below it follows the article. At the bottom of the front-page there were three different articles by which the first has as a title On Flight 77: Our Plane Is Being Hijacked, the second one has title U.S. Intelligence Point To Bin Laden Network and the last one has as a title I Saw Bodies Falling Out- Oh, God, Jumping, Falling (Terrorists Hijack 4 Airlines, Destroy World Trade Center, Hit Pentagon; Hundreds Dead). Daily News, published in New York, USA Daily News had in its front-page just a large picture which depicted the second plane just before it hits the second tower. The main title was on the picture in red font and it was stating ITS WAR (DAY OF TERROR). International Herald Tribune, published in Paris, France This newspapers front-page we could see in the main picture the point just before the second shaken into the second tower and just below it we could see a picture of President Bush when he was talking at the media about the terrorists attacks. In the right side of the Bushs picture there was another picture which illustrated the two towers and it was giving detailed information about the height and the impact side of each plane in each tower. Also, this newspaper could be characterized as grayness because its front-page was just black and white (TERROR STRIKES AMERICA). The Times, published in London, UK This front-page has nothing more than a photography in which we could see what was happening in downtown Manhattan minutes after the first tower collapsed. We could see the city being disappeared within the smoke and dust (10.02 am September 11 2001) The Daily Telegraph, published in London, UK The Daily Telegraph a Britannia newspaper had as a title in its front-page War on America and the image below illustrated the moment that the second plane exploded into the second tower of the WTC, while from the other tower was coming out dense black smoke which had covered the upper floors of the tower. The colors used to illustrate the explosion were keenly, and cause awe and fear (War on America). INTERNET The last five years the internet has faced a fast and unstoppable growth and development, and as the internet became cheaper, more and more people could afford it and thus the users community was enlarged. Internet became gradually the channel of the people because everyone can access in it, there are no limitations and borders, and everyone can express his /her thoughts and brings people together in a mental way and they can exchange their thoughts and viewpoints freely without any editing. A variety of websites, blogs, videos and images covers every event, independently from the other channels. The first scenario of 9/11 attack As I have already said the internet is accessible to everyone so someone could find in the internet a variety of different viewpoint. One interesting website is the 9/11 MEMORIAL. A website in which the internet-users can find information about the museum which is constructed in the memory of the victims. You also, can find the names of the victims and in which tower they lost their live. Additionally in this website you can find information about the volunteer activities within the museum (9/11 MEMORIAL). Another website which is the 9/11 Health. In this website the user can find information about the injured people of the attack, can learn how life changed for the children in the low Manhattan, how many people lost their relatives and how many people lost their occupation or their business just in few seconds. Moreover the user can have a clear view about the chronological order that those facts took place (9/11 Health). However, except from the information-websites about the facts of the tragedy there are other websites in which the content is totally different. For example Engineering Laboratory is a website which examines the structure and the constructions techniques were used to construct the two towers and how they collapsed in just a few hours after they were stricken (World Trade Center Disaster Study). Also, for that day there are many websites and blogs developed just to remind to the world what happened that day and why the people of the world should remember that day. For instance the website NEW MOBILITY has two stories about two different people who were working that bay within the WTC. Furthermore, in the internet we can find videos that people made and uploaded for that specific day. One of these videos is showing the moment that the first plane crashes into the first tower (Original footage of the 1st plane hitting the WTC). Another shows the emotions and the reaction that a group of students who were in their apartment and capture the second shaken (RARE HOME VIDEO OF 2ND PLANE WTC 2 IMPACT). Moreover, there are many videos which shows people jumping from the towers just to escape from the hellfire inside the building (9-11: People Jumping from World Trade Center (Warning: Graphic)), or one other got out of the building and started to climbed down when he lost his equilibrium and fell in vacuo (WTC person that tried to climb down wtc). Finally, we also can find and see videos at the WTC territory during the attacks, then officials and rescuers were working within the smoke and dust and they were wearing masks to breath, we can see the difficulty of their work i n order to rescue someone and to pull him out of the building (Inside World Trade Centre During Attack 9/11 before after North Tower). The second scenario of 9/11 attack As I have already said everyone have access into the internet and they can write freely their viewpoints. In the internet the user can find other thoughts, rumors and illustrated evidences to prove that the terrorist attack was an inside job. Thus the user can find videos in which there are evidences such as the flash at the second plane just before it hits the tower, a shadow at the bottom of the second plane (Slow motion of second plane crashing into south tower) and the way that the towers were collapsing, by examining how the debris were falling. By using these evidences and other more they are trying to prove that the terrorist attack was not a work of terrorists. (The world was lied to on 9/11/2001 by the U.S. Government and the Media. 9/11 INSIDE JOB!). Also, in the internet there are some questions that had been unanswered by the officials and these questions generate speculations and rumors. For example, it is officially recorded that the passengers of the Flight 11 had info rmed the ground about the hijacking, and the question that appears is how is this possible a passenger or crew personnel to use its self-phone, while the plane was hijacking? The answer that is found in the internet is that the plane was remote-controlled (The Attack on the World Trade Center Towers). Books By the stimuli of the WTC attack the book industry published several books which were dealing whit this historic event. Some of these books are by titles The World Trade Center: A Tribute (November 2001) by Bill Harris, the The 2001 World Trade Center Attack (January 2007) by Taylor booten Goodreads, the Another world is possible (2001) by Jonathan Cromwell Goodreads, the The World Trade Center Attack (2003) by Cengage Gale and the 9/11: The Simple Facts Why the official story cant possibly be true (August 2011) by Arthur Naiman. Communication effect Television The purpose of every communication is to convey information, emotions and viewpoints to the audience. Thus the communication of this specific event was made to accomplish communications principles. In this case, the fact was the terrorist attack on the world trade center but the information and the emotions that the audience perceived were quite different depending the channel that they chose to get informed. Now let us examine how the two main TV channels (BBC and CNN) covered and communicated the facts. The first different comes from the beginning and is the way that the two channels started broadcasting the event. CNN started by showing the flaming tower with a title which was referring to a disaster, while on the other hand the BBC started its breaking news with the presenter who briefly said what had happened and then broadcasted images from the flaming tower. In both TV channels the shown images were more or less the same but the main difference was during the presentation of the event, for example in CNN the presenter was saying frequently that the images were live, while on the BBC channel we did not hear it at all. CNN immediately started providing information about what was happening, while on the other hand the BBC presenter stated the event, that a plane had crashed into the WTC, and continuously repeated it without saying something new. This repeatability means two things firstly that the BBC had nothing new to say about this event or the presenter was shocked by this eve nt, which is the most reasonable speculation. Moreover, BBCs presenters were using dramatic language and were referring to words chaos and panic, busy time and busy blocks. These words when are heard by a news-presenter have greater value and people terrorized, while CNN presenters were calm and with a clear voice they were presenting the facts without terrorizing their audience as much as this was possible. Both channels contacted eyewitnesses from different places of the lower Manhattan area, and the presenters were asking questions about the event and how they experienced and perceived what had happened earlier in the day. Each channel continued the same pattern and with the eyewitnesses that each channel had invited for interview. On CNN the eyewitnesses were not using dramatic language as much as it was possible but they were expressing their emotions and what they had experienced and how. In contrary to the CNN, BBC invited eyewitnesses who did not conceal their panic. Moreove r, the first interviewer referred to another terrorist attack on the WTC in 1993. Both channels had their cameras concentrating on the flaming towers. Here is the main difference between these two channels: On the one hand the broadcasted images from BBC when the towers started collapsing were so dark that for people who had just opened their TV they reasonably could thought that Manhattan was collapsing and a huge area was totally destroyed, and because of the dark images you could not distinguish the smoke from the dust. On the other hand, if the same individuals switched on their TV on the CNN they would probably perceive the fact that a tower had just collapsed, because the broadcasted images were clear and the dust distinguished from the smoke. Furthermore, BBC was repeating the video which showed the second plane crashing into the second tower. Newspapers In the vast majority of the newspapers we could see more or less the same picture, which is just before the second plane hits the second tower of the WTC or the second just after the impact which illustrates the explosion. The main differences were in the main titles and the colors used which provided emphasis on different elements. The heading that Los Angeles Times used was TERRORISTS ATTACK NEW YOURK, PENTAGON and as a subheading Thousands Dead, Injured as Hijacked U.S. Airliners Ram Targets; World Trade Center Is Destroyed. This newspaper wrote about thousands of dead people and this title made various impressions and generated anger to the reader, especially when it was accompanied with pictures that showed what happened just before and after the moment of impact. One more newspaper which generated anger and made people look for revenge is the San Francisco Examiner, which had as a title the world BASTARDS and also placed emphasis on the colors of the main picture, making it loo k alive. Moreover, The Daily Telegraph is one more newspaper which caused fear to its readers because the main title stated WAR IN AMERICA and the picture that depicted the explosion of the plane into the tower also caused awe. Another newspaper which had used the same pattern of terrorizing people is The Washington Post. Its main title was Destroy World Trade Centre and Hundreds Dead and was followed by two dark pictures at the time of the impact. Also in this newspaper the reader could read about the promise that president Bush had given for retribution as well as other articles by using words from eyewitnesses which generated terror, such as the article with title I Saw Bodies Falling. However, some newspapers such as Hartford Courant emphasized on loneliness and uncertainty. The main picture illustrated a lonely man walking in the middle of the street among the ruins holding a bright red fire extinguisher and the title above this picture was AMERICA WATCHES HELPLESSLY. Internet On the internet as I have already said there are two different scenarios about this event but everyone admits that this event was a lesson and everyone who experienced this event have to remember these people who lost their lives on that bloody bay for humankind. Every video, picture and text are displayed in this way that it does not matter who was responsible for that tragedy. The important thing is that innocent people lost their lives at the WTC and nearby blocks. Images and words are placed in such way that people who experienced that day will remember it and for them those who lost their lives are appeared as heroes in some way. However, in the internet we could also read the conspiracy theories which make this event ambiguously. Conclusion So what is finally mass communication, a science or an art? The answer is quite simple. Mass communication is a science by which people get informed by different media and at the same time is an art because the way that the information is transmitted could change the information. In this case the event was straightforward. Two aircrafts crashed on the WTC and after the impact the crashed towers collapsed. But the information that the media broadcasted were the huge number of dead people which by itself generated anger and hatred, the lack of security, the fact that terrorists can hit every target that they want and finally the media proposed that this event was a reason for war and revenge in memory of the dead. Thus people in America were in favor of the war in Iraq and nobody can accuse them for these beliefs that they had, because they experienced terror that the media launched and grew this felling.

the vikings Essay -- essays research papers

Viking age has long been associated with uncontrolled piracy, when bandits swarmed out of the northlands in their ships to burn and pillage their way across civilized Europe. During this period much progress was achieved in terms of Scandinavian art and craftsmanship, marine technology, exploration, and the development of commerce. It seems the Vikings did as much trading as they did raiding. The title "Viking" includes a wide description of Nordic people; Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians, who lived during a period of brisk Scandinavian expansion in the middle ages, from approximately 800 to 1100 AD. This name may be derived from the old Norse vik(bay or creek). These people came from what is now Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, and had a self-sustaining, agricultural society, where farming and cattle breeding were supplemented by hunting, fishing, the extraction of iron and the quarrying of rock to make whetstones and cooking utensils; some goods, however, had to be traded; salt, for instance, which is a necessity for man and cattle alike, is an everyday item and thus would not have been imported from a greater distance than necessary, while luxury items could be brought in from farther south in Europe. Their chief export products were, iron, whetstones, and soapstone cooking pots, these were an essential contribution to a trade growth in the Viking age. The contemporary references we have about the Vikings stem mainly from sources in western Europe who had bitter experiences with the invaders, so we're most likely presented with the worst side of the Vikings. Archaeological excavations have shown evidence of homesteads, farms, and marketplaces, where discarded or lost articles tell of a common everyday life. As the Viking period progressed, society changed; leading Chieftain families accumulated sufficient land and power to form the basis for kingdoms, and the first towns were founded. These market places and towns were based on craftsmanship and trade. Even though the town dwelling Vikings kept cattle, farmed, and fished to meet their household needs, the towns probably depended on agricultural supplies from outlying areas. They also unfortunately did not pay as much attention to renovation and waste disposal as they did to town planning, as evidenced by the thick layers of waste around settlements. In contemporary time... ...ted to keel and stem and these were bolted to each other with iron rivets. This shell provided strength and flexibility, then, ribs were made from naturally curved trees were fitted and these provided additional strength. To increase flexibility, strafes and ribs were bound together. Lateral support came from cross supports at the waterline, and solid logs braced the mast. Our main knowledge of Viking art comes from metal jewelry, the format of which is modest. The choice of motif is the same as with woodcarving. The artists were preoccupied with imaginary animals which were ornamentally carved, twisted and braided together in a tight asymmetric arabesque, their quality of work was superb. The Viking raids tapered off around the year 1000. By this time the Vikings had become Christian, which had a restrictive effect on their urge to plunder. Denmark, Sweden, and Norway had become separate kingdoms generally united under single monarchs. Wars wer now steered by the shifting alliances of the kings. The age of private battles was gone. Trade relations that were established in the Viking period continued, and the Nordic countries emerged as part of a Christian Europe.

Mass Media :: Violence Technology Papers

Mass Media Part I: The Problem. In the aftermath of the Columbine school shootings, parents were eager to find someone or something to take the blame for the tragedy. We as Americans are a culture that has to be able to control the outcome of our everyday lives. When something happens that catches us off guard, we get frightened and jump to conclusions. With no closure in sight from the columbine shootings, parents across the country wanted answers. Instead of evaluating their own parenting, people began to say that video games, movie and television were the problem. The idea was that by eliminating the violence on TV and that will stop kids from being violent. The news media, fearing for its ratings took this idea and ran with it doing in depth stories and all types of special reports. The goal of this newsletter is not to place blame on anyone, but to bring to the realization that the only way to help our youth is to not blame outside factors for behavior but approach the problem directly, in the home, face to face with the child. Columbine: The tragedy On a sunny spring day in April 1999, a suburban high school in Jefferson County, Colorado, found itself under attack by two of its own. In less than fifteen minutes of the first-lunch period on that Tuesday, two student gunmen killed 13 and wounded 21 before they turned the guns on themselves in the most devastating school shooting in U.S. history. Columbine High School is one of three in the unincorporated southeast portion of Jefferson County. The county itself lies on the west side of the Denver metropolitan area and is the most populated county in the state. The large unincorporated region along the county’s southern plains and foothills has a population of nearly 100,000 residents - 1,945 of who attended Columbine High School. The two student gunmen were Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold. Their plans for attacking the school, recovered by investigators after the tragedy had taken place, evolved over one year’s time. In those plans, Klebold and Harris outlined a mission to kill as many students and faculty as possible. They would set off destructive bombs inside the school and then shoot any survivors trying to run out. Bombs inside their cars would explode later, killing law enforcement, fire or medical personnel responding to the scene.

Explore the ways in which Collins presents the relationships between men and women in The Moonstone Essay

Explore the ways in which Collins presents the relationships between men and women in The Moonstone. Do male or female characters have more influence in the novel? In this essay I will explore the relationships between male and female characters in the novel ‘The Moonstone’. This essay will evaluate all of the key characters, from the annoyingly religious Miss Clack to the caring and loving Gabriel Betteredge. I will explore the characters personality and decipher whether male or female characters have more influence in the novel. The book is split into eight narratives written by different characters to show what each character is thinking and to give different perspectives as the events unfold. This technique also adds tension as certain secrets are hidden from individuals so not everyone knows the whole truth. Out of the eight narratives only one is written by a woman (Drusilla Clack) whilst all the others are written by male characters. The female characters in the novel are all very atypical, as they stand up for themselves and do not just give way. This was uncommon in the Victorian era as women had few rights and were not expected to be hot tempered. Miss Rachel, a young lady born into a rich family, acts in an unlady-like manner at certain points in the story, especially when she refuses to give information on what she knows about the diamond. Betteredge, one of the characters who knows Rachel Verinder best, said that he could â€Å"Call to mind, in her childhood, more than one occasion when the good little soul took the blame, and suffered the punishment, for some fault committed by a playfellow whom she loved†. This aspect of Rachel’s character and personality is shown many times in the novel, for instance, when she refuses to talk about the diamond for Franklin Blake’s reputation would be shattered if she spoke. This gives the reader the impression that Rachel values her friends and family and she is a women of her word. This adds suspense to the novel and greatly effects the plot as if she had revealed what she knew then Franklin Blake would have been arrested and would not have had a chance of defending himself, resulting in the Moonstone never being found and Godfrey Ablewhite getting away, with no consequences. In the book the majority of the discoveries are made by men, although this is because the female characters already knew the truth; they just hadn’t revealed it. One of the cases of this happening is when Franklin Blake deciphers the code to find Rosanna Spearmen’s chest. This held many secrets which Rosanna had kept silent about for a long time. This effects the outcome of the novel, as since Rosanna kept quite over her love of Franklin Blake, the truth of the moonstone being revealed is delayed, giving time for the events at London to unfold. The reader really gets the impression of Rosannas love of Mr Franklin Blake from this act, of saving his reputation, even though holding these secrets could be argued to be a massive factor of her eventual suicide. Despite this, Franklin never really notices Rosanna Spearman; this is probably due to the fact that in his eyes she is just a housemaid with a lumpy shoulder. Social class is outlined here, with the rich Franklin Blake and the poor Rosanna Spearman. The different social classes were more prominent in Victorian times and Collins also uses class in his other novels such as the woman in white, where Walter Hartright and Laura Fairlie fall in love, but due to Walter’s low social class, they separate. When Rosanna dies, it could be suggested that Ezra Jennings is introduced to replace her, as these two characters are very similar in personality and are both rejected by most members of society. They are also both attracted to Mr Franklin Blake in different ways; Rosanna has an undying love for him, and Ezra asks himself â€Å"What is the secret of the attraction that there is for me in this man?†. Both characters also had rough upbringings, as Rosanna was a thief as a child and Ezra was beaten and was mistreated mercilessly by his family. Ezra Jennings is also addicted to Opium, as â€Å"for ten years past I have suffered from an incurable internal complaint†. His addiction to the drug led to his painful and horrific nights, and Opium also destroyed his nervous system. Wilkie Collins probably introduced Ezra Jennings as a character which he could relate to, as Collins himself was addicted to Opium, which is probably why the drug plays such a significant part in the book. Collins believed he had an imaginary friend named ‘Ghost Wilkie’ and often hallucinated in his sleep. His other novels have opium in them, so his way of relating to his addiction was to put it into his books. Opium plays a significant part in the book, as Ezra uses it in his experiment to discover who took the diamond. The reader feels uncertainty when the book dapples in the secret world of Opium as most readers would not have tried it and therefore do not know how powerful it is and what it can do. Gabriel Betteredge often talks about which side of Mr Franklin Blake’s character is shining through, and believes it to be due to all of Franklin’s foreign training (Betteredge usually relates his strict character to Franklin’s German side, his poeticness to his French side, and his bravery to his English side). This gives Mr Franklin Blake no distinct character. This gives you the impression that Gabriel Betteredge is very stereotypically British, supporting his country and almost believing that the English are superior to others. Godfrey Ablewhite however, has a very different character which is hidden from the public view. He tries to get across the image of a hardworking gentleman who dedicates his life to the many women’s charities he patronizes, when he is actually a man swallowed in debt and trying to rob people of their riches to pay it off. His debt was one of the key reasons why he asked to marry Rachel Verinder, as he thought that he would inherit enough money to pay off the debt; however that did not turn out to be the case. When Rachel asked for the marriage to be cancelled, Godfrey did not try to put up any resistance, as he knew that he would not receive the inheritance he had hoped for. Godfrey also gets engaged to another woman, but the marriage is broken off for similar reasons. At the end of the book, Godfrey is in disguise as a sailor with a dark complexion when he tries to get the Moonstone from the bank. This is symbolism as it outlines the fact that he is leading a double life, and he has a dark complexion as Betteredge and Franklin immediately suspected the Indians of stealing the diamond. Their immediate suspicion of the Indians affects the plot greatly as it means that Godfrey Ablewhite has time to hide the diamond without being suspected, as all eyes were on the Indians. The view the public have of him is different to what he is actually like, and if it had not been for Mr Matthew Bruff, the marriage might not have been called off. Miss Clack often swoons at the sight of Mr Godfrey Ablewhite; this is because she believes he is a hardworking Christian, and refers to him as â€Å"gifted† and â€Å"wonderful†. It is therefore no surprise that she is shocked when she, by chance, hears Godfrey’s proposal to Rachel. It is here that he admits that his, â€Å"Charitable business is an unendurable nuisance† and that if â€Å"I see a Ladies’ committee now, I wish myself at the uttermost ends of the earth†. Miss Clack is highly offended by this, as she is a member of ‘The Mothers Small Clothes Conversion Society’, but she dismisses this out of hand as being a slip of the tongue in the heat of the moment. Miss Clack’s personality is very different to the other female characters in the book, as she is a character of a certain type of hypocrite. She never leaves without her Christian pamphlets and she often tries to spread her faith through these tracts. She may be doing this to turn more people Christian, or she may just be doing this as it is in her sphere of power and it makes her feel as though she has more influence on society. A perfect example of Miss Clack’s character is when she visits Lady Verinder and Rachel, but upon realising that Lady Verinder’s doctor is trying to use medication to treat Lady Verinder instead of praying to god and waiting for him to perform a miracle, she spreads religious books of her choice around the Verinder’s house. She believes that this act did not make her a nuisance, but instead, a â€Å"True Christian†. Miss Clack has a very different opinion of herself compared to what other people think of her. Even the kind and loving Gabriel Betteredge, who has a good word to say about almost everyone, does not take well to Miss Clack. Before handing over the job of narrating to her, he asks the reader to â€Å"Just do me the favour of not believing a word she says, if she speaks of your humble servant†. This shows that she is believed to not be a teller of truths, and Betteredge is pre-warning the reader of what to prepare for. We believe what Betteredge says and not Miss Clack as he has shown himself to be an honourable character, worthy of the readers trust. Our decision to believe him and not Miss Clack is also influenced by other characters, as Franklin Blake often refers to him as â€Å"a dear old friend†, so others characters have respect for him as well. In the story, female characters do not reveal what they know straight away. This adds suspense to the story, as you have to wait a long time for the secret which will put together a new piece of the puzzle. A good example of this is Rosanna’s letter to Mr Franklin Blake, explaining where the chest is hidden, and inside the chest is Rosanna’s narrative which explains events before and after Rachel Verinder’s 18th birthday party leading up to Rosanna’s suicide told through her point of view. The letter’s opening is delayed however, as Limping Lucy refuses to give it to anyone other than Franklin Blake himself. This lets the events at London unfold, and the case of the Moonstone is put on hold for a short period. Limping Lucy is Rosanna Spearman’s only friend, and was understandably angry at Franklin as she believed that he forced Rosanna into suicide. Limping Lucy has a severe limp in her left foot, and this may be one of the reasons why she and Rosanna are so good friends, as they both have physical deformities and are rejected by most members of society. I believe that female characters have more influence on the plot of the novel due to their actions which are gradually revealed to the reader. Superficially, male characters seem to have a larger role in the discovery of the secrets behind the moonstone but this is because they are only just digging in to what the female characters already know. The fact that male characters have almost all of the narrations add to the secrecy of the novel and also reinforces the point of male character seemingly having more influence and control of the plot, when all they are doing is discovering what is beneath the surface of an apparently settled world in the novel.